Only weeks ago Amazon announced the top 20 candidate cities still in the running to capture the lofty honor of being home to Amazon’s second headquarters—or ‘HQ2’. Amazon culled their short list from a whopping 238 bids since the deadline for submissions in mid-October 2017. Factors affecting the decision process included proximity to a city center, quality of commute for potential workers, proximity to an airport, demographic diversity, and an emphasis on revitalizing an existing building rather than moving into something newly-constructed.
RFP responses landed in Amazon’s inbox in a wide variety of shapes and forms from Boston’s 218 page report to the City of Frisco, Texas’s enthusiastic video—other candidates were decidedly more guarded with their submissions. I don’t envy Amazon its task to make a final decision, but I do know of at least one way to level the playing field and see what sort of economic impact opening a headquarters in any one city might have.
Amazon’s original RFP gives us enough details about employment, employee compensation, and a few other economic factors to build a list of monetary shocks (or direct impacts) that we can model in each city’s metropolitan statistical area (MSA). Results with this approach may change with more detailed information (like how the 50,000 employees break out into job types or specific compensation levels, for example).
I’m taking a very broad-strokes approach to comparing the candidate cities. However, anyone with more detailed information about the direct impacts and the right economic modeling tool could explore more granular, detailed results. For curiosity’s sake, here’s what I modeled in each city:
Here’s what we know Amazon plans to spend during construction starting in 2019 and subsequently during HQ2 operations:
Let's assume two years for each construction phase.
And here’s what I found:
Total impact includes the direct impact of the known economic events that I’m modeling as well as the indirect and induced effects. Broadly speaking, you can think of indirect effects as the supply chain. The impact of local industries buying goods and services from other local industries. The cycle of spending works its way backward through the supply chain until all money leaks from the local economy (due to taxes, savings, imports from outside the region, etc.). Induced effects are the response by an economy to an initial change (Direct Effect) that occurs through spending of labor income (employee compensation + proprietor income) throughout that region after taxes, savings, commuting, and imports have been accounted for.
| City | Total Value Added | Total Output |
| Toronto | $80,268,623,744 | $82,159,539,571 |
| Atlanta | $85,597,226,718 | $75,025,781,810 |
| Dallas | $84,077,877,067 | $73,495,393,649 |
| Nashville | $82,686,085,348 | $71,882,183,928 |
| Austin | $82,256,135,490 | $71,574,167,796 |
| Chicago | $83,868,806,546 | $71,237,728,142 |
| Miami | $81,760,324,185 | $71,173,394,717 |
| Indianapolis | $82,422,094,707 | $70,906,416,353 |
| Denver | $81,654,926,288 | $70,161,891,650 |
| Pittsburgh | $83,090,441,134 | $70,152,561,498 |
| Philadelphia | $83,134,769,316 | $69,096,469,856 |
| Columbus | $81,638,769,688 | $68,367,486,498 |
| Montgomery County, MD | $81,689,906,169 | $67,586,614,804 |
| Boston | $81,343,342,888 | $66,479,836,634 |
| Raleigh | $79,507,310,266 | $65,736,928,294 |
| Los Angeles | $80,007,273,668 | $65,175,110,040 |
| Newark | $80,464,271,946 | $64,989,191,930 |
| Northern Virginia | $75,981,861,566 | $57,435,385,632 |
| New York City | $75,894,276,260 | $55,082,849,959 |
| Washington D.C. | $62,963,024,653 | $36,414,373,730 |
Employment in IMPLAN includes full-time, part-time, and seasonal workers and therefore does not represent full-time-equivalents (FTEs). IMPLAN employment includes wage and salary employees as well as proprietors (self-employed individuals and unincorporated business owners).
| City | Indirect Employment | Induced Employment | Total Employment | Total Employee Compensation |
| Austin | 59,197 | 303,974 | 414,670 | $514,568,278,854 |
| Toronto | 56,153 | 276,293 | 383,946 | $559,884,131,293 |
| Miami | 46,568 | 326,272 | 424,340 | $563,680,398,622 |
| Dallas | 43,104 | 312,377 | 406,981 | $564,408,170,716 |
| Indianapolis | 42,463 | 327,600 | 421,564 | $563,698,546,506 |
| Nashville | 41,781 | 308,384 | 401,665 | $563,484,679,250 |
| Atlanta | 41,476 | 346,404 | 439,381 | $515,443,359,897 |
| Raleigh | 40,194 | 295,222 | 386,916 | $562,252,700,622 |
| Denver | 39,011 | 306,921 | 397,433 | $564,093,775,466 |
| Los Angeles | 37,376 | 257,115 | 345,991 | $562,324,548,238 |
| Montgomery County, MD | 36,500 | 285,559 | 373,559 | $563,773,543,692 |
| Columbus | 35,167 | 314,559 | 401,225 | $562,705,045,001 |
| Chicago | 34,243 | 307,962 | 393,704 | $565,048,025,992 |
| Pittsburgh | 32,066 | 330,088 | 413,654 | $564,637,914,457 |
| Newark | 30,569 | 260,449 | 342,518 | $563,249,479,124 |
| Boston | 30,027 | 270,391 | 351,919 | $565,219,236,915 |
| Philadelphia | 29,560 | 291,390 | 372,450 | $564,420,270,619 |
| Northern Virginia | 27,224 | 219,715 | 298,439 | $560,571,359,333 |
| New York City | 25,345 | 188,268 | 265,113 | $561,283,942,889 |
| Washington D.C. | 22,560 | 84,115 | 158,175 | $555,837,625,581 |
You might be surprised to see that New York City and Washington D.C. are not the biggest apples. That's partly because the cost of living in those metropolitan areas is generally higher than other parts of the country. This means that the jobs supported in the indirect and induced impacts are lower compared to cities like Austin where wages can be lower.
And there are other factors to consider—specifically, feasability. New York City and Washington D.C. already have robust logistical infrastructures in place which might benefit a corporate headquarters and more than counterbalance the weight on the potential economic impact.
Ultimately, Amazon's HQ2 is going to have a significant economic impact no matter where it lands.
Arguably the best way to measure the sort of impact comparison that we’re looking at here would be with a computable general equilibrium (CGE) model. However, since Amazon reported the impacts of its HQ1 based on the results of an input-output model, I felt it best to follow suit—if for no other reason than to maintain thematic consistency (input-output modeling is not a reliable forecasting tool so the results we’re looking at are purely speculative).
IMPLAN is actually really well suited for this type of analysis! However, since HQ2 will be so large, it may have some pretty big effects of other types that IMPLAN can't get at (many of which CGE also wouldn't get at). The things it will miss (that should be considered separately if possible) are things like:
The IMPLAN modeling system can examine U.S., state, county, multi-county, city level, and international economies to assess the total economic impact of a variety of situations; a capital investment in a project, a business change, the economic consequences of natural disasters, the current value of a business to a regional economy, or the jobs supported by a local supplier.
By constructing social accounts that describe the structure and function of a specific economy, IMPLAN allows users to create localized models to facilitate investigation into the potential consequences of projected economic activities. IMPLAN allows you to identify and quantify the direct, indirect, and induced impacts of a business/supplier.
IMPLAN databases are constructed exclusively by IMPLAN’s team of PhD economists. All IMPLAN datasets use a set of annual national I-O matrices as the background framework for the software and database interaction. All data files include numerous economic and demographic variables at a 536 Industrial sector level. Data variables include employment, value-added (GDP), government and household purchases, taxes, and more.